ORGANISING

Organizing is the grouping of activities necessary to attain objectives ,the assignment of each grouping to a manager with authority necessary to supervise it, its provision for coordination horiziontally and vertically in the enterprise structure.
It can be used to donate an enterprise, company or a firm.
It is used to denote the process of organizing .
FORMAL ORGANIZATION
It must be flexible and there must be room for discretion, for taking advantage of creative talents.
INFORMAL ORGANIZATION
It is any joint personal activity without conscious joint purpose,even though possibly contributing to joint results.
PURPOSE OF ORGANIZATION
Demarcates the authority, responsibility and duties of each individual or group.
Provides adequate communication.
Establishes the pattern of relationship by giving duties and responsibilities to an individual or group.

SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY
DEFINITION
Its defined in 3 ways:
1. Conventional
It includes cottage and handicraft industries that employ conventional labour oriented methods to produce conventional products, mainly in the rural areas.
2. Operational
The operational definition for the policy purpose includes “ all the undertakings having an investment in fixed assests in plant and machinery, whether held on ownership terms or tease or hire-purchase,not exceeding RS 60lakhs.
3. National income accounting
National income accounting includes all manufacturing and processing activities ,including maintenance and repair services, undertaken by both household small scale manufacturing units not registered under factories act.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SSI’s
1) Capital investments are small and most of them have small number of workers.
2) Most of them are family owned industries.
3) Technology may become obsolete, resulting in closure of SSI’s
4) Few of them may grow as medium scale industries.
5) Profit margins are less due to competition.
6) Faces cut throat competition.
7) Generally found in urban or semi urban areas.
8) Funded by owners savings or short term loans.

PATENTS

PATENTS
concept of patent
*patent is a state grant -in the name of inventor
*It has a time period -usually 20 years
*patent is a privilage for
*making ,manufacturing,selling or using the invention and rigtht to authorize others to do

Patents and policy
*Encourage research and promote inventive genius.
*to secure for inventors award for inventing.
*to provide inventors a monopoly for commercial exploitation of invention
*maintain flow of inventions*to generate and promote scientific temper
Applications of patents :The following persons can make application for patent
*person claiming to be true and first inventor of the invention.
*the assignee of the inventor
*legal representative of the death was entitled to make such application
Procedure for obtaining patent

*patent is obtained through application
*application must be thorough and comply with all the requirements specified in the rules.
*stages of procedure
*first stage :office objections
*granting of patent
*post grant hearing
*final order
Grant of patent

*once the controller makes the order for granting patent,the applicant has to make an application for the issue of patent and sealing it.
*The date of sealing is relevant for the puepose of calculating the term of patent

PLANNING.......!!!

                                           PLANNING

                                "Deciding in advance”

Ø           It is an intellectual process, which requires a manager to think before acting.

Ø           It is a continuous process.

Essential quality or general characteristics of planning:

Ø  It must contribute to accomplish purpose and objectives.

Ø  It must be considered as exercise as parent exercise in all processes.

Ø           It must be spread through all management functions.

Importance Of Planning

Ø           Overcomes uncertainty and change minimizes risk.

Ø           Facilitates effective control.

Ø  Makes economic operation and leads to success.

Ø  It forms d bridge between the present and the future.

Purpose of planning

Ø           To direct all other functions of management.

Ø  To provide effective control.

Ø  To form the basis of budget

Ø           To forecast the future to avoid uncertainty and change.

Ø           To focus the vision on the objectives and goals.

Types of plans

Ø      Strategic planning  

1.     Its long term

2.     Done at top management

3.     Less detailed, focuses only on long term goals

Ø        Tactical planning

1.     It is short term

2.     Done at lower levels

3.    More detailed since it caters to day to day operations and activities of the organization.

Standing planning

Ø                    Policies

Ø   Procedures rules

Ø   methods